Depression, anxiety and cardiovascular disease: which symptoms are associated with increased risk in community dwelling older adults?
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Affiliation
Cluain Mhuire Mental Health Services, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland. gallagherdamien@hotmail.comIssue Date
2012-12-15Keywords
MENTAL AND BEHAVIOURAL DISORDERCARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
MeSH
AgedAged, 80 and over
Anxiety
Cardiovascular Diseases
Comorbidity
Cross-Sectional Studies
Depression
Factor Analysis, Statistical
Female
Humans
Ireland
Longitudinal Studies
Male
Middle Aged
Questionnaires
Risk Factors
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Depression, anxiety and cardiovascular disease: which symptoms are associated with increased risk in community dwelling older adults? 2012, 142 (1-3):132-8 J Affect DisordJournal
Journal of affective disordersDOI
10.1016/j.jad.2012.04.012PubMed ID
22858218Abstract
Depression is a risk factor for Cardiovascular Disease (CVD). It has been reported that somatic symptoms of depression and not cognitive symptoms are associated with increased risk although findings have been inconsistent. Few studies have examined whether co-morbid anxiety confers additive risk.We conducted a cross sectional analysis of 7872 community dwelling adults aged 50 years and over from The Irish LongituDinal Study on Ageing (TILDA). Depressive and anxiety symptoms were assessed with Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale and the anxiety subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-A), respectively. We conducted logistic regression analyses to determine the relationship between depression, anxiety, individual depressive symptoms and CVD. We further determined whether co-morbid anxiety was associated with increased risk.
Seven hundred and thirty eight (9.4%) study participants reported clinically significant depression. Depression was associated with 80% increased risk of CVD following adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors. Individual depressive symptoms most consistently associated with CVD included low mood, sadness, amotivation, fatigue, diminished appetite and concentration difficulties. Anxiety was associated with increased risk of CVD but did not confer additive risk in participants with depression.
Cross sectional design.
Core symptoms of depression, which are both cognitive and somatic in nature, are associated with increased risk of CVD while co-morbid anxiety did not confer additive risk. It is important that clinicians give due regard both to both cognitive and somatic symptoms of depression when determining cardiovascular risk. Future longitudinal investigation should confirm these findings and explore potential pathological mechanisms.
Item Type
ArticleLanguage
enISSN
1573-2517ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
10.1016/j.jad.2012.04.012
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