St. Ita's Hospital
http://hdl.handle.net/10147/129619
2024-03-28T13:07:49ZSt Joseph's Portrane, 12 years on.
http://hdl.handle.net/10147/333668
St Joseph's Portrane, 12 years on.
Gorman, Michael
1988-01-01T00:00:00ZToken economy for schizophrenia.
http://hdl.handle.net/10147/129671
Token economy for schizophrenia.
McMonagle, T; Sultana, A
A token economy is a behavioural therapy technique in which the desired change is achieved by means of tokens administered for the performance of predefined behaviours according to a program. Though token economy programmes were widespread in the 1970s they became largely restricted to wards where long-stay patients from institutions are prepared for transfer into the community and were particularly aimed at changing negative symptoms of schizophrenia - poor motivation, poor attention and social withdrawal.; To review the effects of token economies for people with schizophrenia, or other serious or chronic mental illnesses, compared with standard care.; Electronic searches of Biological Abstracts (1985-1999), CINAHL (1982-1998), The Cochrane Library (Issue 1, 1999), The Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Register of Trials (February 1999), EMBASE (1980-1999) and PsycLIT (1987-1998) were supplemented with reference searches, personal contact with trial authors and hand searches.; Randomised studies comparing a token economy regime (one in which change is achieved by means of use of non-monetary, non-consumable tokens) to standard care for those with schizophrenia or any other similar chronic or serious mental illness.; Studies were reliably selected, quality rated and data extracted. For dichotomous data relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was estimated. Where possible, the number needed to treat statistic (NNT) was also calculated. Analysis was by intention-to-treat. Normal continuous data were summated using the weighted mean difference (WMD). Scale data were presented only for those tools that had attained pre-specified levels of quality.; Only three randomised controlled trials could be included in the analyses (total n=110). There were no usable data on target or non-target behaviour. One small study favoured the token economy approach for the outcome 'change in mental state' on the SANS-CV with improvement in negative symptoms at three months (n=40, WMD -12. 7, CI -21.44 to -3.96).; The token economy approach may have effects on negative symptoms but it is unclear if these results are reproducible, clinically meaningful and are maintained beyond the treatment programme. Token economy remains worthy of careful evaluation in well designed, conducted and reported randomised trials.
2000-01-01T00:00:00ZChildbirth: life event or start of a long-term difficulty? Further data from the Stoke-on-Trent controlled study of postnatal depression.
http://hdl.handle.net/10147/129669
Childbirth: life event or start of a long-term difficulty? Further data from the Stoke-on-Trent controlled study of postnatal depression.
Murray, D; Cox, J L; Chapman, G; Jones, P
This paper reports further data from the Stoke study of postnatal depression and examines whether psychosocial characteristics and symptom profiles differ between postnatal and control depression.; Two hundred and thirty-two postnatal and non-postnatal control women were screened with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; all high scorers and a sample of low scores were interviewed with the Standardised Psychiatric Interview and modified Social Maladjustment Schedule. Depression was diagnosed using the Research Diagnostic Criteria.; Postnatal but not control depression was associated with a poor relationship with the woman's own mother and greater occupational instability. Depression in control women was associated with low income, having three or more children, performing manual work and occupational dissatisfaction, but postnatal depression was not. There were no differences in the symptom profiles of the postnatal and control women nor between early and late onset postnatal depression.; Depression is a common and socially disabling disorder affecting mothers of young children. Postnatal depression is more contingent on acute biopsychosocial stresses caused by the arrival of a new family member. Depression in women with older children is more closely related to longer term social adversity.
1995-05-01T00:00:00ZValidation of the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS) in non-postnatal women
http://hdl.handle.net/10147/129630
Validation of the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS) in non-postnatal women
Cox, J; Chapman, Gail; Murray, Declan; Jones, Peter
1996-07-01T00:00:00Z